第三节

语法讲解

三个语法点 · 含结构图、例句与对比说明

Grammar Point 1

结果补语 — 动词 + 补语说明动作的结果
Resultative complement — Verb + complement expressing the result of the action

结果补语是放在主要动词后面的动词或形容词,用来说明动作完成后的结果。结果补语与主要动词紧密结合,中间不能插入其他成分。
A resultative complement is a verb or adjective placed after the main verb to express the result achieved by the action.

主语Subject
+
主动词Main Verb
结果补语Result Comp.
+
宾语/了Object/了

本课重点结果补语:

动词
结果是错的
做错了 / 写错了 / 说错了
动词
动作已完成
做完了 / 吃完了 / 看完了
动词
理解了内容
听懂了 / 看懂了 / 学懂了
动词
做得好/完善
学好了 / 做好了 / 准备好了
动词
达到目标
做到了 / 找到了 / 学到了
① 肯定式
② 否定式(没+V+补)
③ 可能补语(V+得/不+补)

① 肯定式:动词 + 结果补语 + 了(表示动作已发生且有结果)

主语 + 动词 + 结果补语 + 了
Subject + Verb + Result Comp. + 了 → "Subject [verbed] with result [comp]"
  • 这道我做了。
    Zhè dào tí wǒ zuò wán le.
    I have finished this question. (completed = 完)
  • 他把第三题了。
    Tā bǎ dì sān tí zuò cuò le.
    He got the third question wrong. (result is wrong = 错)
  • 我听了老师说的问题
    Wǒ tīngdǒng le lǎoshī shuō de wèntí.
    I understood the question the teacher said. (understood = 懂)

② 否定式:没(有)+ 动词 + 结果补语(表示动作发生但未达到结果)

主语 + 没(有) + 动词 + 结果补语
Subject + 没 + Verb + Result Comp. → "Subject did not [verb successfully/completely]"
  • 这道没做完,时间不够了。
    Zhè dào tí wǒ méi zuò wán, shíjiān bùgòu le.
    I didn't finish this question — not enough time. (did not complete)
  • 老师的问题没听懂希望再说一遍。
    Lǎoshī de wèntí wǒ méi tīngdǒng, xīwàng zài shuō yī biàn.
    I didn't understand the teacher's question; I hope (they) can say it again.
  • 希望自己没做错,但有一道没把握。
    Xīwàng zìjǐ méi zuò cuò, dàn yǒu yī dào tí méi bǎwò.
    I hope I didn't get anything wrong, but I'm not sure about one question.
⚠️ 否定用「没」,不用「不」:
做完。(我没有完成 — correct)
做完。(表示意愿"不做",不是结果补语的否定)

③ 可能补语:动词 + 得/不 + 结果补语(表示"能否达到结果")

动词 + + 补语(能做到)
动词 + + 补语(做不到)
V + 得 + Comp (can achieve) / V + 不 + Comp (cannot achieve)
能做到(得)不能做到(不)意思
得完不完can/cannot finish doing
得懂不懂can/cannot understand (by listening)
得对不对can/cannot get it right
  • 这道太难,我做不完
    Zhè dào tí tài nán, wǒ zuò bu wán.
    This question is too hard — I can't finish it.
  • 老师说得很快,你听得懂吗?
    Lǎoshī shuō de hěn kuài, nǐ tīng de dǒng ma?
    The teacher speaks very fast — can you understand?

Grammar Point 2

介词「从」— 引出起点,常与「到」搭配
Preposition 从 (cóng) — indicating the starting point; usually paired with 到

「从」是介词,引出一段时间、一段路程、一件事情的经过或一个序列的起点。后面常跟「到」一起搭配,表示从起点到终点的范围。
从 introduces the starting point of time, distance, a process, or a sequence. It is frequently paired with 到 to express "from…to…".

+ 起点(时间/地点/序列)+ + 终点
从 + Start (time/place/sequence) + 到 + End → "from … to …"
① 从+时间(时间范围)
② 从+地点(路程起点)
③ 从+序列(顺序起点)

① 从 + 时间词 + 到 + 时间词 — 表示时间范围

  • 星期一星期五都要上班
    Tā cóng xīngqīyī dào xīngqīwǔ dōu yào shàngbān.
    She has to go to work from Monday to Friday.
  • 现在考试前都要认真复习。
    Wǒ cóng xiànzài dào kǎoshì qián dōu yào rènzhēn fùxí.
    From now until before the exam, I need to study hard.
  • 从第一天起,她认真练跳舞
    Cóng dì yī tiān qǐ, tā jiù rènzhēn liàn tiàowǔ.
    From the very first day, she practised dancing seriously.

② 从 + 地点 + 到 + 地点 — 表示路程起点和终点

  • 北京来,每天公司上班
    Tā cóng Běijīng lái, měitiān cóng jiā dào gōngsī shàngbān.
    She is from Beijing, commuting from home to the company every day.
  • 老师尾把动作做了。
    Lǎoshī cóng tóu dào wěi bǎ dòngzuò zuò wán le.
    The teacher completed the move from beginning to end.

③ 从 + 序数/序列 — 表示顺序上的起点

  • 从第一题第十,都做了。
    Cóng dì yī tí dào dì shí tí, dōu zuò wán le.
    I finished all questions from the first to the tenth.
  • 从第一个动作第五个,老师做让我们跟着学。
    Cóng dì yī gè dòngzuò dào dì wǔ gè, lǎoshī zuò wán ràng wǒmen gēnzhe xué.
    From the first move to the fifth, the teacher completed them and had us follow along.

Grammar Point 3

序数词「第」— 表示顺序
Ordinal prefix 第 (dì) — indicating order/sequence

「第」放在数量短语前,把基数词(一、二、三…)变成序数词(第一、第二、第三…),表示顺序或名次。
第 is placed before a number phrase to convert it to an ordinal (first, second, third…), indicating order or rank.

+ 数量词(一/二/三/…)+ 量词(名/次/课/题/…)
第 + Number + Measure word → ordinal expression

常见序数词:

第一dì yīfirst / No.1
第二dì èrsecond
第三dì sānthird
第四dì sìfourth
第五dì wǔfifth
第十dì shítenth
  • 她是班上的第一名,老师非常欢迎她。
    Tā shì bān shàng de dì yī míng, lǎoshī fēicháng huānyíng tā.
    She is the number one student in the class; the teacher warmly welcomes her.
  • 我把第三题了,没做那道问题
    Wǒ bǎ dì sān tí zuò cuò le, méi zuòdǒng nà dào wèntí.
    I got the third question wrong; I didn't understand that problem.
  • 第一课到第九课,我希望把所有内容学
    Cóng dì yī kè dào dì jiǔ kè, wǒ xīwàng bǎ suǒyǒu nèiróng xuédǒng.
    From lesson one to lesson nine, I hope to understand all the content.
基数词(Cardinal)序数词(Ordinal)用法区别
个人第一个人one person vs the first person
道题第三道题three questions vs the third question
我跑了我是第二ran two places vs ranked second